Milestones:Alternating Current Electrification, 1886
Alternating Current Electrification, 1886
IEEE Berkshire Section, Dedication: 2 October 2004
On 20 March 1886 William Stanley provided alternating current electrification to offices and stores on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He thus demonstrated the first practical system for providing electrical illumination using alternating current with transformers to adjust voltage levels of the distribution system.
On March 20,1886, William Stanley demonstrated the first practical system for providing electric illumination with the use of alternating current, and transformers to adjust the voltage levels of the distribution system.
This event took place on Main Street in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
Stanley's technique in 1886 was virtually identical to the system used for the distribution of electric power today.
The alternating current system (using transformers) eventually replaced Thomas Edison's direct current system because of the ability to efficiently adjust voltage levels in different parts of the system so as to minimize the inherent power losses associated with distribution. This was not possible in the direct current system because transformers do not work on "D.C.".
A Siemens steam engine driven alternating current generator, located in "an old rubber mill" near Cottage Street in Great Barrington, provided the power for Stanley's pioneering distribution system. This power system was actually placed in operation on March 6, and the following two weeks were utilized for "research and development" before the public demonstration.
Stanley designed and built his own transformers for this installation. He demonstrated their ability to both raise and lower voltage by stepping up the 500-volt output of the Siemens generator to 3000-volts, lighting a string of thirty series-connected 100-volt incandescent lamps, and then stepping the voltage back down to 500-volts.
Wires were run from his "central" generating station along Main Street in Great Barrington, fastened to the elm trees which lined that thoroughfare. A total of six step-down transformers were located in the basements of some Main Street buildings to lower the distribution to 100-volts. A total of twenty business establishments were then lighted using incandescent lamps.
Stanley's demonstration of raising the generator voltage to 3000-volts and then back down again was exactly the same concept as employed in present day power systems where a " generator step-up" transformer is used to raise the system voltage to a very high level for long distance transmission, and then "large substation" transformers are used to lower the voltage to some intermediate level for local distribution. The transformers located in the basements of the buildings correspond, of course, to the transformers now used to step voltage down to the ultimate level for actual use by individual customers.
Therefore, Stanley's installation in Great Barrington was the first such system to include all of the basic features of large electric power systems as they still exist over one hundred years later.
Features:
Stanley's work at Great Barrington was built upon previous work by other investigators, notably the team of Gaulard and Gibbs in England (just as the work of Thomas Edison in regards to the development of the first practical incandescent lamp was built upon previous efforts by others).
Stanley, however, in designing transformers for use at Great Barrington, was the first to understand and appreciate three key features which allowed the alternating current transformer system of electric power distribution to be feasible:
(1) Gaulard and Gibbs had specified that their "transformer" devices were to be connected in series. Stanley recognized that such devices needed to be connected in parallel so as to prevent any changes in load on one such device from interfering with the operation of the remaining devices.
(2) Stanley was the first to understand sufficiently the behavior of the magnetic "circuit" (or core) of a transformer, and the need for this to be a closed circuit so as to allow for the regulation of the voltage produced in the secondary winding.
(3) Other investigators of that era were convinced of the futility of applying several hundred volts to a coil of wire (the primary winding of the transformer) having a resistance of less than one ohm. Stanley, on the other hand, was able to comprehend the concept of "counter eletromotive force" which is the means by which current flow is limited in the transformer primary.
Thus, at Great Barrington, William Stanley first applied all of the essential theoretical concepts necessary for the use of transformers in the practical distribution of alternating current electric power.
Thomas J. Blalock
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="42.198443" lon="-73.361209" zoom="10" width="300" height="250" controls="small"> 42.198443, -73.361209, Alternating Current Electrification, 1886 1886 Corner of Cottage and Main Streets, Great Barrington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. </googlemap>
