STARS:Electrocardiography
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In the modern world, electrocardiography is a medical technology that is used every day in doctors' offices, clinics, and hospitals around the world. The technology grew out of investigations beginning in the late 18th century of electrical phenomena in living systems. Nerve and muscle are electrically active, and the heart produces currents and voltages that can be recorded in what is called the electrocardiogram (ECG). In the course of the 20th century, scientists and engineers elucidated the medical significance of ECGs, set standards for recording ECGs, and helped make the technology invaluable to medical practitioners.
Timeline
| 1791 | Luigi Galvani reports that an electric spark can cause muscle to twitch |
| 1853 | Hermann von Helmholtz develops the physics of the volume conductor problem |
| 1856 | R.A. von Kölliker and Heinrich Müller measure electric currents generated by frog heart |
| 1887 | A.D. Waller records a human electrocardiogram (ECG) |
| 1901 | Willem Einthoven describes the string galvanometer for recording an ECG |
| 1927 | William Craib develops the theory of a dipole source in a sphere |
| 1933 | Frank Wilson relates current sources in the heart to external potentials |
| 1938 | The first standards for electrocardiographs are published |
| 1946 | Herman Burger formalizes heart vector and lead vector concepts |
| 1949 | Norman Holter invents an ambulatory ECG monitor |
| 1953 | Otto Schmitt, Richard McFee, and Ernest Frank develop vector lead systems |
| 1963 | G.M. Baule and Richard McFee measure the magnetic field of the heart |
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