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| == Citation == | | == The LP and the 45 == |
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| ''At 3:30 pm on 15 December 1974, the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since then, TRIUMF has used proton beams from its cyclotron (and secondary beams of pions, muons, neutrons and radioactive ions produced in its experimental halls) to conduct pioneering studies that have advanced nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.''
| | [[Image:Vinyl record LP 10inch.JPG|thumb|right|10-inch LP]] |
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| The Milestone plaque can be viewed on a wall outside the cyclotron main control room at TRIUMF Meson Facility, 4004 Wesbrook MallVancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. (The first successful beam extraction was manually controlled from the main console in that room.) | | The long playing (LP) record and the 45-rpm disc were two different approaches to high fidelity music, introduced by two different companies in the late 1940s. Since the beginning of the [[Phonograph|phonograph]], most records had played for about two or three minutes. Sometimes [[Mass Producing Records|record companies issued longer recordings on large, 12-inch discs]]. But when the RCA Company began work on an improved disc in the mid-1940s, they stuck to the idea that a record should not have to hold more than one song. In order to make the disc smaller than the 10-inch, 78-rpm discs used since the 1890s, they reduced the speed to 45-rpm and used a much finer groove. This meant that they could pack in more grooves in a smaller space. They used a new plastic material, called vinylite, which resulted in the playing stylus picking up less noise and hiss. World War II interrupted this work, but the new 45-rpm disc and its player were introduced with great fanfare in late 1947. |
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| == Significance ==
| | At about the same time, CBS Record Company (the successor to [[Columbia Record Company|Columbia Phonograph Company]] established in the early days of the phonograph) introduced its 12-inch, 33 1/3-rpm, long playing record. The development of the LP dates back to 1945, and was the work of CBS research director [[Peter Goldmark|Peter Goldmark]] and other engineers at CBS. It was also made of vinyl plastic, and had very fine grooves, but it was a different size and speed than the 45-rpm and could not be played on the same phonograph without modifications. The LP was not intended to hold short songs like the 45-rpm, but was for classical music, which often ran for 20 minutes or more without a break. |
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| TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. It is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities. Its operations are supported by the Government of Canada through a contribution from the National Research Council Canada while capital funds for buildings are provided by the Government of British Columbia.
| | [[Image:Sun Records 45s.jpg|thumb|right|Collection of Sun Records 45s]] |
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| TRIUMF's mission is:
| | Within a few years, however, most record companies had adopted both the LP and the 45-rpm formats, using the 45-rpm for singles and the LP for classical albums. Engineers easily adapted record players to accommodate both types of discs as well as the older 78-rpm singles. Soon, record companies discovered that the growing popularity of Broadway show tunes and movie soundtracks helped LP sales, because these types of recordings were usually released as sets of discs called albums. These albums (now just a single disc) were so profitable for the record companies that they began releasing more and more popular music on LP rather than as singles. After phasing out the 10-inch, 78-rpm disc around 1958, record companies heavily promoted both the LP and the 45-rpm disc. Sometimes, when songs made famous on the radio were available only on an LP and not a 45-rpm disc, sales of the more expensive LPs could be quite high. The growth of LP sales in the 1960s and 1970s transformed the record business, generating large profits and restoring the industry to the place it had held in the early 1920s before radio was introduced. |
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| *To make discoveries that address the most compelling questions in particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, and materials science;
| | The arrival of the compact disc in the 1980s severely curbed production of LP and 45 discs. Sales of both dropped quickly and most major label record companies stopped releasing them in large amounts by the early 1990s. However, both are still being produced to this day. Vinyl thrives in underground music scenes and niche collector markets, and is still commonly used by DJs for mixing in a live setting. Within the last ten years, vinyl has experienced a minor resurgence in the mainstream, with many of today's top 40 artists issuing their records on vinyl formats with a limited pressing run. |
| *To act as Canada’s steward for the advancement of particle accelerators and detection technologies; and
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| *To transfer knowledge, train highly skilled personnel, and commercialize research for the economic, social, environmental, and health benefit of all Canadians.
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| An aerial photo of the TRIUMF Laboratory is shown below. More information concerning the TRIUMF Laboratory can be found at [http://www.triumf.ca http://www.triumf.ca]
| | == Your Surest Selling Job == |
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| [[Image:TRIUMF-site5.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the TRIUMF Laboratory. The large building in the centre with the darkened roof houses the 500 MeV cyclotron.(photographs provided by the TRIUMF Laboratory)]]
| | {{#widget:YouTube16x9|id=DOBeEb8ZY2s</youtube> |
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| === The 500 MeV Cyclotron ===
| | Late 1940s advertisement for new RCA Victrola. |
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| The heart of the TRIUMF Laboratory is the 500 MeV cyclotron that was conceived, designed, constructed and commissioned between 1965 and 1974. The events leading up to extraction of the first 500 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron are described in:
| | [[Category:Engineering and society|Records]] [[Category:Leisure|Records]] [[Category:Music|Records]] [[Category:Consumer electronics|Records]] [[Category:Audio systems|Records]] [[Category:News|Records]] |
| <blockquote>J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975. </blockquote>
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| and in a retrospective that was prepared for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the event:
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| <blockquote>M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"] ''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,'' 13 December 1999. </blockquote>
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| Compared to the first and second generation of cyclotrons that provided much lower beam energies and intensities, the physical size of the 500 MeV cyclotron is truly impressive. The main magnet is 18 metres in diameter and weighs 4000 tons. The 23 MHz main RF amplifier delivers almost 1 million watts of power in order to develop 200 kV across the accelerating gap. The photo below was taken during a maintenance period with the lid of the cyclotron's vacuum tank raised. The lone figure in the centre of the photo gives a sense of scale.
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| [[Image:CL-11-sitting down.jpg|thumb|right|January 1972: TRIUMF staff gather on the lower six sectors of the cyclotron magnet.]][[Image:TRIUMF-inside the cyclotron.jpg|thumb|right|During maintenance periods, the lid of the cyclotron vacuum tank can be raised to permit worker access. The lone figure in the centre of the photo provides a sense of scale.]]
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| [[Image:CL9-vacuum.jpg|thumb|right|February 1972: The base of the cyclotron vacuum tank is turned over, following installation of the trim coils and cooling coils.]][[Image:CL26 500Mev.jpg|thumb|right|December 1974: Director Dr. J. R. Richardson tunes the proton beam to the design energy of 500 Mev]][[Image:CL25-silver anniversary.jpg|thumb|right|December 1999: The Silver Anniversary celebration of the first extraction of a full energy proton beam from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Pictured are TRIUMF Directors from left, Dr. Jack Sample, Dr. Alan Astbury, and Dr. Erich Vogt.]] | |
| The sheer scale of the design and construction effort required TRIUMF staff and contractors to develop revolutionary computer-assisted design, modelling, measurement and tuning technologies in an era dominated by mainframes and minicomputers. Some of these codes, e.g., ACCSIM, a synchrotron beam simulation code, and PHYSICA, a data analysis and plotting code, continue to be widely used, both within TRIUMF and at other laboratories.
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| Because of its size, TRIUMF was one of the first particle accelerators to employ a software-based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system rather than direct linkage of cyclotron and beamline components to a hardware-based control panel.
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| By providing intermediate energy proton beams (i.e., beam energies greater than 100 MeV but less than 1 GeV) that are two orders of magnitude more intense than were previously available, the TRIUMF cyclotron (and its two sister meson factories in the United States and Switzerland) have revolutionized nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.
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| The quality of the initial design and engineering and the significance of the result are underscored by the longevity of the TRIUMF cyclotron. Thirty-five years after the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted, the cyclotron is still the main engine of TRIUMF’s world-leading research program which currently includes meson physics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear medicine and irradiation services for industry.
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| In the 1980s, TRIUMF proposed to use the 500 MeV cyclotron to inject proton beams into a complex of storage rings and synchrotrons (often referred to as the KAON Factory) that would raise the proton beam energy to 30 GeV and yield the most intense high energy proton beams in the world - about 100 times the particle flux of existing machines. Details are described in many publications, including:
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| M.K. Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
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| KAON is both the name of the high energy K-mesons that the accelerator complex would have made and an acronym that refers to the entire suite of particles that would have been produced, including K-mesons, Anti-protons, Other hadrons and Neutrinos.
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| Although the KAON project was unable to secure the international investment required to proceed to full construction and was eventually shelved in the mid-1990s, the intense development effort prepared the TRIUMF Laboratory to take on other ambitious projects in the 1990s and 2000s. Foremost among these is ISAC (Isotope Separation and Acceleration), a facility in which a proton beam from the 500 MeV cyclotron is used to produce beams of exotic isotopes which are further accelerated using linear accelerators. The facility allows researchers to study the properties and structure of these exotic isotopes.
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| TRIUMF is contributing the skills and knowledge that it has developed during the past forty years to other labs. It has provided accelerator and beam-line components to facilities such as the Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY in Hamburg, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It has also provided detectors and other equipment used in the ATLAS detector employed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan.
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| TRIUMF, in partnership with MDS Nordion, uses proton beams from the main cyclotron and four smaller cyclotrons to produce radioisotopes for use in medical imaging and diagnostics. The recent decision to fund Advanced Applied Physics Solutions (AAPS) under the Canadian Centres of Excellence in Commercialization and Research program paves the way to further application of TRIUMF-based discoveries and methods in ways that directly benefit society.
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| == Distinguishing features or characteristics of this work ==
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| TRIUMF is the world's largest cyclotron, and one of only five intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators in the world. The TRIUMF design team was among the first to adopt the use of H<sup>-</sup> ions to simplify beam extraction and the use of an AVF (azimuthally varying field) main magnet to permit both isochronous acceleration and proper focusing of the H<sup>-</sup> ions even as they reach relativistic velocities. They also pioneered the simultaneous extraction of multiple (up to 4) beams at independently variable energies (70-520 MeV).
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| (H<sup>-</sup> ion beams can be easily extracted from the cyclotron by passing them through a stripping foil that removes the two electrons from each ion. If the foil is correctly positioned, the resulting proton beam simply curves in the opposite direction, out of the cyclotron's beam port and into the beamline. The fragility of H<sup>-</sup> ions limits the magnetic field strength that can be used, accounting for the large size of the cyclotron.)
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| Unlike the world's other four intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators (the two other meson factories located at the Paul Scherrer Institut near Zurich and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, the SNS linear accelerator located near Oak Ridge, TN and the ISIS synchrotron located in Oxfordshire, UK, respectively), the TRIUMF cyclotron can deliver multiple variable-energy and full-energy proton beams simultaneously with a 100% macroscopic duty cycle.
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| The high intensity of the beam allows the cyclotron to serve as the driver for multiple experiments within the course of a week. The TRIUMF cyclotron’s ability to provide steady, intense and reliable energy beams in a flexible manner has also allowed the facility to become a world leader in providing beams of exotic isotopes using the "isotope separation online" technique.
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| == References ==
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| Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
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| M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"] ''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,'' 13 December 1999.
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| J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975.
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| == Acknowledgements ==
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| This nomination was prepared by:
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| Prof. Dave Michelson, University of British Columbia
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| Prof. Mike Craddock, University of British Columbia
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| Dr. Tim Meyer, TRIUMF,
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| Dr. Ewart Blackmore, TRIUMF
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| == Proposals and Nominations ==
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| [[Milestone-Proposal:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Proposal, created October 5th, 2009
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| [[Milestone-Nomination:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Nomination, created January 8th, 2010
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| == Map ==
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| {{#display_map:49.247806, -123.229566~ ~ ~ ~ ~University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=49.247806, -123.229566}}
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| [[Category:Nuclear_and_plasma_sciences|{{PAGENAME}}]] | |
| [[Category:Particles|{{PAGENAME}}]] | |
The LP and the 45
The long playing (LP) record and the 45-rpm disc were two different approaches to high fidelity music, introduced by two different companies in the late 1940s. Since the beginning of the phonograph, most records had played for about two or three minutes. Sometimes record companies issued longer recordings on large, 12-inch discs. But when the RCA Company began work on an improved disc in the mid-1940s, they stuck to the idea that a record should not have to hold more than one song. In order to make the disc smaller than the 10-inch, 78-rpm discs used since the 1890s, they reduced the speed to 45-rpm and used a much finer groove. This meant that they could pack in more grooves in a smaller space. They used a new plastic material, called vinylite, which resulted in the playing stylus picking up less noise and hiss. World War II interrupted this work, but the new 45-rpm disc and its player were introduced with great fanfare in late 1947.
At about the same time, CBS Record Company (the successor to Columbia Phonograph Company established in the early days of the phonograph) introduced its 12-inch, 33 1/3-rpm, long playing record. The development of the LP dates back to 1945, and was the work of CBS research director Peter Goldmark and other engineers at CBS. It was also made of vinyl plastic, and had very fine grooves, but it was a different size and speed than the 45-rpm and could not be played on the same phonograph without modifications. The LP was not intended to hold short songs like the 45-rpm, but was for classical music, which often ran for 20 minutes or more without a break.
Collection of Sun Records 45s
Within a few years, however, most record companies had adopted both the LP and the 45-rpm formats, using the 45-rpm for singles and the LP for classical albums. Engineers easily adapted record players to accommodate both types of discs as well as the older 78-rpm singles. Soon, record companies discovered that the growing popularity of Broadway show tunes and movie soundtracks helped LP sales, because these types of recordings were usually released as sets of discs called albums. These albums (now just a single disc) were so profitable for the record companies that they began releasing more and more popular music on LP rather than as singles. After phasing out the 10-inch, 78-rpm disc around 1958, record companies heavily promoted both the LP and the 45-rpm disc. Sometimes, when songs made famous on the radio were available only on an LP and not a 45-rpm disc, sales of the more expensive LPs could be quite high. The growth of LP sales in the 1960s and 1970s transformed the record business, generating large profits and restoring the industry to the place it had held in the early 1920s before radio was introduced.
The arrival of the compact disc in the 1980s severely curbed production of LP and 45 discs. Sales of both dropped quickly and most major label record companies stopped releasing them in large amounts by the early 1990s. However, both are still being produced to this day. Vinyl thrives in underground music scenes and niche collector markets, and is still commonly used by DJs for mixing in a live setting. Within the last ten years, vinyl has experienced a minor resurgence in the mainstream, with many of today's top 40 artists issuing their records on vinyl formats with a limited pressing run.
Your Surest Selling Job
{{#widget:YouTube16x9|id=DOBeEb8ZY2s</youtube>
Late 1940s advertisement for new RCA Victrola.
