Milestones:The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System, 1974 and Milestones:First 500 MeV Proton Beam from the TRIUMF Cyclotron, 1974: Difference between pages

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Citation

At 3:30 pm on 15 December 1974, the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since then, TRIUMF has used proton beams from its cyclotron (and secondary beams of pions, muons, neutrons and radioactive ions produced in its experimental halls) to conduct pioneering studies that have advanced nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.

The Milestone plaque can be viewed on a wall outside the cyclotron main control room at TRIUMF Meson Facility, 4004 Wesbrook MallVancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. (The first successful beam extraction was manually controlled from the main console in that room.)

Significance

TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. It is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities. Its operations are supported by the Government of Canada through a contribution from the National Research Council Canada while capital funds for buildings are provided by the Government of British Columbia.

TRIUMF's mission is:

To make discoveries that address the most compelling questions in particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, and materials science;
To act as Canada’s steward for the advancement of particle accelerators and detection technologies; and
To transfer knowledge, train highly skilled personnel, and commercialize research for the economic, social, environmental, and health benefit of all Canadians.

An aerial photo of the TRIUMF Laboratory is shown below. More information concerning the TRIUMF Laboratory can be found at http://www.triumf.ca

Aerial view of the TRIUMF Laboratory. The large building in the centre with the darkened roof houses the 500 MeV cyclotron.(photographs provided by the TRIUMF Laboratory)

The 500 MeV Cyclotron

The heart of the TRIUMF Laboratory is the 500 MeV cyclotron that was conceived, designed, constructed and commissioned between 1965 and 1974. The events leading up to extraction of the first 500 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron are described in:

J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975.

and in a retrospective that was prepared for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the event:

M.K. Craddock, "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory," Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group, 13 December 1999.

Compared to the first and second generation of cyclotrons that provided much lower beam energies and intensities, the physical size of the 500 MeV cyclotron is truly impressive. The main magnet is 18 metres in diameter and weighs 4000 tons. The 23 MHz main RF amplifier delivers almost 1 million watts of power in order to develop 200 kV across the accelerating gap. The photo below was taken during a maintenance period with the lid of the cyclotron's vacuum tank raised. The lone figure in the centre of the photo gives a sense of scale.

January 1972: TRIUMF staff gather on the lower six sectors of the cyclotron magnet.

During maintenance periods, the lid of the cyclotron vacuum tank can be raised to permit worker access. The lone figure in the centre of the photo provides a sense of scale.

February 1972: The base of the cyclotron vacuum tank is turned over, following installation of the trim coils and cooling coils.

December 1974: Director Dr. J. R. Richardson tunes the proton beam to the design energy of 500 Mev

December 1999: The Silver Anniversary celebration of the first extraction of a full energy proton beam from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Pictured are TRIUMF Directors from left, Dr. Jack Sample, Dr. Alan Astbury, and Dr. Erich Vogt.

The sheer scale of the design and construction effort required TRIUMF staff and contractors to develop revolutionary computer-assisted design, modelling, measurement and tuning technologies in an era dominated by mainframes and minicomputers. Some of these codes, e.g., ACCSIM, a synchrotron beam simulation code, and PHYSICA, a data analysis and plotting code, continue to be widely used, both within TRIUMF and at other laboratories.

Because of its size, TRIUMF was one of the first particle accelerators to employ a software-based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system rather than direct linkage of cyclotron and beamline components to a hardware-based control panel.

By providing intermediate energy proton beams (i.e., beam energies greater than 100 MeV but less than 1 GeV) that are two orders of magnitude more intense than were previously available, the TRIUMF cyclotron (and its two sister meson factories in the United States and Switzerland) have revolutionized nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.

The quality of the initial design and engineering and the significance of the result are underscored by the longevity of the TRIUMF cyclotron. Thirty-five years after the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted, the cyclotron is still the main engine of TRIUMF’s world-leading research program which currently includes meson physics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear medicine and irradiation services for industry.

In the 1980s, TRIUMF proposed to use the 500 MeV cyclotron to inject proton beams into a complex of storage rings and synchrotrons (often referred to as the KAON Factory) that would raise the proton beam energy to 30 GeV and yield the most intense high energy proton beams in the world - about 100 times the particle flux of existing machines. Details are described in many publications, including:

M.K. Craddock, "The TRIUMF Kaon Factory" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.

KAON is both the name of the high energy K-mesons that the accelerator complex would have made and an acronym that refers to the entire suite of particles that would have been produced, including K-mesons, Anti-protons, Other hadrons and Neutrinos.

Although the KAON project was unable to secure the international investment required to proceed to full construction and was eventually shelved in the mid-1990s, the intense development effort prepared the TRIUMF Laboratory to take on other ambitious projects in the 1990s and 2000s. Foremost among these is ISAC (Isotope Separation and Acceleration), a facility in which a proton beam from the 500 MeV cyclotron is used to produce beams of exotic isotopes which are further accelerated using linear accelerators. The facility allows researchers to study the properties and structure of these exotic isotopes.

TRIUMF is contributing the skills and knowledge that it has developed during the past forty years to other labs. It has provided accelerator and beam-line components to facilities such as the Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY in Hamburg, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It has also provided detectors and other equipment used in the ATLAS detector employed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan.

TRIUMF, in partnership with MDS Nordion, uses proton beams from the main cyclotron and four smaller cyclotrons to produce radioisotopes for use in medical imaging and diagnostics. The recent decision to fund Advanced Applied Physics Solutions (AAPS) under the Canadian Centres of Excellence in Commercialization and Research program paves the way to further application of TRIUMF-based discoveries and methods in ways that directly benefit society.

Distinguishing features or characteristics of this work

TRIUMF is the world's largest cyclotron, and one of only five intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators in the world. The TRIUMF design team was among the first to adopt the use of H^- ions to simplify beam extraction and the use of an AVF (azimuthally varying field) main magnet to permit both isochronous acceleration and proper focusing of the H^- ions even as they reach relativistic velocities. They also pioneered the simultaneous extraction of multiple (up to 4) beams at independently variable energies (70-520 MeV).

(H^- ion beams can be easily extracted from the cyclotron by passing them through a stripping foil that removes the two electrons from each ion. If the foil is correctly positioned, the resulting proton beam simply curves in the opposite direction, out of the cyclotron's beam port and into the beamline. The fragility of H^- ions limits the magnetic field strength that can be used, accounting for the large size of the cyclotron.)

Unlike the world's other four intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators (the two other meson factories located at the Paul Scherrer Institut near Zurich and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, the SNS linear accelerator located near Oak Ridge, TN and the ISIS synchrotron located in Oxfordshire, UK, respectively), the TRIUMF cyclotron can deliver multiple variable-energy and full-energy proton beams simultaneously with a 100% macroscopic duty cycle.

The high intensity of the beam allows the cyclotron to serve as the driver for multiple experiments within the course of a week. The TRIUMF cyclotron’s ability to provide steady, intense and reliable energy beams in a flexible manner has also allowed the facility to become a world leader in providing beams of exotic isotopes using the "isotope separation online" technique.

References

Craddock, "The TRIUMF Kaon Factory" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.

M.K. Craddock, "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory," Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group, 13 December 1999.

J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975.

Acknowledgements

This nomination was prepared by:

Prof. Dave Michelson, University of British Columbia

Prof. Mike Craddock, University of British Columbia

Dr. Tim Meyer, TRIUMF,

Dr. Ewart Blackmore, TRIUMF

Proposals and Nominations

Milestone-Proposal:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron - Proposal, created October 5th, 2009

Milestone-Nomination:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron - Nomination, created January 8th, 2010

Map

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{MilestoneLayout|citation=Dr. Gary A. Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M
+== Citation ==
-(Control Program for Microcomputers) in Pacific Grove in 1974.
-Together with his invention of the BIOS (Basic Input Output System),
-Kildall’s operating system allowed a microprocessor-based computer to
-communicate with a disk drive storage unit and provided an important foundation for the personal computer revolution.|secured=The plaque is available to the public|gps=801 Lighthouse Avenue, Pacific Grove, CA 93950
-GPS: 36.623549,-121.923315|plaque=The plaque is mounted at the edge of the public sidewalk adjacent to a retaining wall surrounding the property.
-[[File:CPM milestone unveiling.jpg|200px|thumb|right|David Laws and Howard Michel unveil the milestone plaque]]
+''At 3:30 pm on 15 December 1974, the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Since then, TRIUMF has used proton beams from its cyclotron (and secondary beams of pions, muons, neutrons and radioactive ions produced in its experimental halls) to conduct pioneering studies that have advanced nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.''
-[[File:AppreciationPresentationToDavidLawsByIEEE.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Milestone Dedication Ceremony 25 April 2014, appreciation presentation to David Laws by IEEE]]
+The Milestone plaque can be viewed on a wall outside the cyclotron main control room at TRIUMF Meson Facility, 4004 Wesbrook MallVancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada. (The first successful beam extraction was manually controlled from the main console in that room.)
-[[File:CPM milestone dedication.jpg|200px|thumb|right|IEEE members and Naval Postgraduate School Commanders at dedication]]
+== Significance  ==
-[[File:BrianHallaAndIEEE-President-Elect-HowardMichel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Brian Halla and IEEE President-Elect Howard Michel]]
+TRIUMF is Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics. It is owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities. Its operations are supported by the Government of Canada through a&nbsp;contribution from the National Research Council Canada while capital funds for&nbsp;buildings are provided by the Government of British Columbia.
-[[File:GaryKildall.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gary Kildall]]
+TRIUMF's mission is:
-[[File:Gary'sChildrenKristinAndScottKildall.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gary's daughter and son, Kristin and Scott, next to Milestone plaque]]
+*To make discoveries that address the most compelling questions in particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, and materials science;
+*To act as Canada’s steward for the advancement of particle accelerators and detection technologies; and
+*To transfer knowledge, train highly skilled personnel, and commercialize research for the economic, social, environmental, and health benefit of all Canadians.
-|significance=CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was the first commercial operating system to allow a microprocessor-based computer to interface to a disk drive storage unit. CP/M played an important role in stimulating the hobbyist personal computer movement of the 1970s. Its ability to support software programs on a wide variety of hardware configurations enabled early use of microcomputer systems from many different manufacturers in business and scientific applications. Microsoft DOS, as licensed to IBM for the original PC, was written to emulate the look and feel of CP/M. Thus, CP/M was the forerunner of the operating systems that now power the majority of the world's computers, and led to the personal computing revolution.
+An aerial photo of the TRIUMF Laboratory is shown below. More information concerning the TRIUMF Laboratory can be found at [http://www.triumf.ca http://www.triumf.ca]
-The major challenge that Kildall had to overcome in the development of CP/M was the design and debugging of the “complex electronics ... to make the diskette drive find certain locations and transfer data back and forth”. The following recollections are abstracted from pages 53-55 of "Computer Connections", an unpublished autobiography that he wrote and distributed to friends and family in 1994. "Memorex ... had come up with the new "floppy disk" to replace IBM punched cards. I stared at that damn diskette drive for hours on end ... trying to figure a way to make it fly. I tried to build a diskette controller … but I, being mainly hardware inept … couldn’t get my controller to work. So I built an operting (sic) system program ... I called it CP/M [but] I just couldn't figure out how to make that damn disk drive work. Out of frustration, I called my good friend from the University of Washington, John Torode. He designed a neat little microcontroller and after a few months of testing that microcontroller started to work. We loaded my CP/M program from paper tape to the diskette and "booted" CP/M from the diskette, and up came the prompt *. This may have been one of the most exciting days of my life."|features=Before Kildall’s development of CP/M, computer manufacturers provided proprietary applications software that worked only on their own hardware. All programs had to be written from the ground up to operate on each unique machine configuration.  CP/M was initially designed to work on the Intel 8080 microprocessor and allowed computer systems built by any manufacturer who used that chip to run applications programs written by third-party suppliers.  CP/M introduced a new element of competition into the computer marketplace that stimulated rapid growth in the use of low-cost systems in business, industry and academia and eventually in the home.  According to Kildall, “CP/M was an instant success. By 1980, DRI had sold millions of copies of CP/M to manufacturers and end-users.”|references=See supporting materials below|support=Kildall’s autobiography “Computer Connections” notes on page 55 that he solicited the help of John Torode in 1974. He gives no specific date but recalls that “This was in the late afternoon and … John and I retired to have a Chinese dinner in Pacific Grove”.  E-mail correspondence from John, dated June 24, 2013, places the time frame as follows: “My wife and I concur that it was probably after our wedding on June 22 1974, but before we moved to Chicago (she worked for Bell Labs) in the fall”.
+[[Image:TRIUMF-site5.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the TRIUMF Laboratory. The large building in the centre with the darkened roof houses the 500 MeV cyclotron.(photographs provided by the TRIUMF Laboratory)]]
-Kildall’s own public account of the history of CP/M was published in Dr Dobbs Journal in 1980:
+=== The 500 MeV Cyclotron  ===
-THE EVOLUTION OF AN INDUSTRY: ONE PERSON'S VIEWPOINT, "Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia", Vol.5, No.1, (January 1980) (number 41), page 6-7
-[http://www.retrotechnology.com/dri/CPM_history_kildall.txt]
-Numerous popular accounts of the history of CP/M have been published in newspaper and magazine articles and in books, as well as online.  Most of them focus on the fictitious story that DRI lost out to Microsoft on the IBM PC operating system decision because Kildall had taken the day off to go flying. Kildall refutes this story in “Computer Connections” but it is probably most eloquently recounted in Harold Evans’ book on U.S. pioneers and innovators “They Made America.”
+The heart of the TRIUMF Laboratory is the 500 MeV cyclotron that was conceived, designed, constructed and commissioned between 1965 and 1974.&nbsp;The events leading up to extraction of the first 500 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron are described in:
-Harold Evans, “They Made America: Two Centuries of Innovators from the Steam Engine to the Search Engine” (2004) ISBN 0-316-27766-5 [http://www.sirharoldevans.com/library_madeamerica.html]
+<blockquote>J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975. </blockquote>
+and in a retrospective that was prepared for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the event:
-Steve Ham and Jay Greene, “The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates,” Bloomberg Business Week, 24 October 2004. [http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2004-10-24/the-man-who-could-have-been-bill-gates]
+<blockquote>M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"]&nbsp;''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,''&nbsp;13 December 1999.&nbsp;&nbsp;</blockquote>
-Online only sources
+Compared to the first and second generation of cyclotrons that provided much lower beam energies and intensities, the physical size of the 500 MeV cyclotron is truly impressive. The main magnet is 18 metres in diameter and weighs 4000 tons. The 23 MHz main RF amplifier delivers almost 1 million watts of power in order to develop 200 kV across the accelerating gap. The photo below was taken during a maintenance period with the lid of the cyclotron's vacuum tank raised. The lone figure in the centre of the photo gives a sense of scale.
-CP/M and Digital Research Inc. (DRI) Web pages [http://retrotechnology.com/dri/]
+[[Image:CL-11-sitting down.jpg|thumb|right|January 1972: TRIUMF staff gather on the lower six sectors of the cyclotron magnet.]][[Image:TRIUMF-inside the cyclotron.jpg|thumb|right|During maintenance periods, the lid of the cyclotron vacuum tank can be  raised to permit worker access. The lone figure in the centre of the photo provides a sense of scale.]]
-CP/M [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M]
+[[Image:CL9-vacuum.jpg|thumb|right|February 1972: The base of the cyclotron  vacuum tank is turned over, following installation of the trim coils and  cooling coils.]][[Image:CL26 500Mev.jpg|thumb|right|December 1974: Director Dr. J. R. Richardson tunes the proton beam to the design energy of 500 Mev]][[Image:CL25-silver anniversary.jpg|thumb|right|December 1999: The Silver Anniversary celebration of the first extraction of a full energy proton beam from the TRIUMF cyclotron. Pictured are TRIUMF Directors from left, Dr. Jack Sample, Dr. Alan Astbury, and Dr. Erich Vogt.]]
+The sheer scale of the design and construction effort required TRIUMF staff and contractors to develop revolutionary computer-assisted design, modelling, measurement and tuning technologies in an era dominated by mainframes and minicomputers. Some of these codes,&nbsp;e.g., ACCSIM, a synchrotron beam simulation code, and PHYSICA, a data analysis and plotting code, continue to be widely used, both within TRIUMF and at other laboratories.
-Gary Kildall Special (Video) [http://archive.org/details/GaryKild]
+Because of its size, TRIUMF was one of the first particle accelerators to employ a software-based supervisory control and data&nbsp;acquisition (SCADA) system rather than direct linkage of cyclotron and beamline components to a hardware-based control panel.
-A Short History of CP/M [http://web.archive.org/web/20011011083003/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/5711/history.html]
+By providing intermediate energy proton beams (i.e., beam energies greater than 100 MeV but less than 1 GeV) that are two orders of magnitude more intense than were previously available, the TRIUMF cyclotron (and its two sister meson factories in the United States and Switzerland) have revolutionized nuclear physics, particle physics, molecular and materials science, and nuclear medicine.
-Gordon Eubanks Oral History (Computerworld 2000) [http://www.cwhonors.org/archives/histories/Eubanks.pdf]}}
+The quality of the initial design and engineering and the significance of the result are underscored by the longevity of the TRIUMF cyclotron. Thirty-five years after the first 500 MeV proton beam was extracted, the cyclotron is still the main engine of TRIUMF’s world-leading research program which currently includes meson physics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear medicine and irradiation services for industry.
-== Dedication Ceremony ==
+In the 1980s, TRIUMF proposed to use the 500 MeV cyclotron to inject proton beams into a complex of storage rings and synchrotrons (often referred to as the KAON Factory) that would raise the proton beam energy to 30 GeV and yield the most intense high energy proton beams in the world - about 100 times the particle flux of existing machines. Details are described in many publications, including:
-<youtube>HO6IPpL0y8g</youtube>
+M.K. Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
-The dedication of the IEEE Milestone generated some wonderful coverage for IEEE and technical history. The Monterey, California NPR station KAZU-FM posted the following story by Krista Almanzan: "Recognizing the Legacy of Pacific Grove Inventor Gary Kildall." Included with this story is an audio clip that was broadcast three times on 24 April 2014 (the day before the dedication). Almanzan sums up part of Gary Kildall's legacy as: ''Kildall, who passed away in 1994, has often been referred to "as the man who could have been Bill Gates," if not for one missed opportunity. But those who knew him best hope Friday's dedication will begin to change that legacy.''  Recognizing the Legacy of Pacific Grove Inventor Gary Kildall http://kazu.org/post/recognizing-legacy-pacific-grove-inventor-gary-kildall
+KAON is both the name of the high energy K-mesons that the accelerator complex would have made and an acronym that refers to the entire suite of particles that would have been produced, including K-mesons, Anti-protons, Other hadrons and Neutrinos.
-On 2 May 2014 (one week after the dedication) NPR stations throughout California broadcast an audio clip that included comments from the dedication and unveiling ceremonies by IEEE President-Elect Howard Michel and Gary Kildall's daughter Kristin. "Pacific Grove Inventor Finally Honored for Creating First PC Operating System" http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201405020850/a
+Although the KAON project was unable to secure the international investment required to proceed to full construction and was eventually shelved in the mid-1990s, the intense development effort prepared the TRIUMF Laboratory to take on other ambitious projects in the 1990s and 2000s. Foremost among these is ISAC (Isotope Separation and Acceleration), a facility in which a proton beam from the 500 MeV cyclotron is used to produce beams of exotic isotopes which are further accelerated using linear accelerators. The facility allows researchers to study the properties and structure of these exotic isotopes.
-See also http://blogs.kqed.org/newsfix/ieee-recognizes-gary-kildall-for-pioneering-computer-operating-system
+TRIUMF is contributing the skills and knowledge that it has developed during the past forty years to other labs. It has provided accelerator and beam-line components to facilities such as the Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator (HERA) at DESY in Hamburg, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It has also provided detectors and other equipment used in the ATLAS detector employed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the T2K (Tokai-to-Kamioka) neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan.
-== Further Reading ==
+TRIUMF, in partnership with MDS Nordion, uses proton beams from the main cyclotron and four smaller cyclotrons to produce radioisotopes for use in medical imaging and diagnostics. The recent decision to fund Advanced Applied Physics Solutions (AAPS) under the Canadian Centres of Excellence in Commercialization and Research program paves the way to further application of TRIUMF-based discoveries and methods in ways that directly benefit society.
-[http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/gary-kildall-40th-anniversary-of-the-birth-of-the-pc-operating-system/ Gary Kildall and the 40th Anniversary of the Birth of the PC Operating System" by David Laws, Computer History Museum Semiconductor Curator]
+== Distinguishing features or characteristics of this work  ==
-[https://www.facebook.com/KildallLegacy Legacy of Gary Kildall Facebook page]
-[http://ithistory.org/blog/?p=2071 "Gary Kildall Legacy": IT History Society Blog by Alan Weissberger]
-[http://www.ece.umd.edu/courses/enee759m/papers/wharton1994-kildall.pdf Gary Kildall Obituary by John Wharton]
+TRIUMF is the world's largest cyclotron, and one of only five intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators in the world. The TRIUMF design team was among the first to adopt the use of H<sup>-</sup> ions to simplify beam extraction and the use of an AVF (azimuthally varying field) main magnet to permit both isochronous acceleration and proper focusing of the H<sup>-</sup> ions even as they reach relativistic velocities. They also pioneered the simultaneous extraction of multiple (up to 4) beams at independently variable energies (70-520 MeV).
-[http://theinstitute.ieee.org/technology-focus/technology-history/groundbreaking-operating-system-is-named-an-ieee-milestone IEEE The Institute: Groundbreaking Operating System Is Named an IEEE Milestone]
+(H<sup>-</sup> ion beams can be easily extracted from the cyclotron by passing them through a stripping foil that removes the two electrons from each ion. If the foil is correctly positioned, the resulting proton beam simply curves in the opposite direction, out of the cyclotron's beam port and into the beamline. The fragility of H<sup>-</sup> ions limits the magnetic field strength that can be used, accounting for the large size of the cyclotron.)
-[http://www.ieee.org/about/history_center/newsletter/ieee_history_center_newsletter_95.pdf IEEE History Center newsletter coverage of CP/M Milestone (p. 3)]
+Unlike the world's other four intermediate-energy high-intensity accelerators (the two other meson factories located at the Paul Scherrer Institut&nbsp;near Zurich and the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, the SNS linear accelerator located near Oak Ridge, TN and the ISIS synchrotron located in Oxfordshire, UK, respectively), the TRIUMF cyclotron can deliver multiple variable-energy and full-energy proton beams simultaneously with a 100% macroscopic duty cycle.
+The high intensity of the beam allows the cyclotron to serve as the driver for multiple experiments within the course of a week. The TRIUMF cyclotron’s ability to provide steady, intense and reliable energy beams in a flexible manner has also allowed the facility to become a world leader in providing beams of exotic isotopes using the "isotope separation online" technique.
+== References ==
+Craddock, "[http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_0057.PDF The TRIUMF Kaon Factory]" in Proc. 1991 IEEE&nbsp;Particle Accelerator Conference, 6-9 May 1991, pp. 57 - 61.
+M.K. Craddock, [http://legacyweb.triumf.ca/history/99-users9_600m_600hyp.pdf| "The First Beam - A Whirlwind Visual History - and Prehistory,"]&nbsp;''Annual General Meeting of the TRIUMF Users’ Group,''&nbsp;13 December 1999.&nbsp;&nbsp;
+J.R. Richardson, E.W. Blackmore, G. Dutto, C.J. Kost, G.H. MacKenzie, and M.K. Craddock, [http://epaper.kek.jp/p75/PDF/PAC1975_1402.PDF "Production of simultaneous, variable energy beams from the TRIUMF cyclotron,"] ''IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,'' vol. NS-22, no. 3, pp. 1402-7, Jun. 1975.
+== Acknowledgements ==
+This nomination was prepared by:
+Prof. Dave Michelson, University of British Columbia
+Prof. Mike Craddock, University of British Columbia
+Dr. Tim Meyer, TRIUMF,
+Dr. Ewart Blackmore, TRIUMF
+== Proposals and Nominations ==
+[[Milestone-Proposal:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Proposal, created October 5th, 2009
+[[Milestone-Nomination:First 500 MeV proton beam from the worlds largest cyclotron]] - Nomination, created January 8th, 2010
 == Map ==
-{{#display_map:36.623549, -121.923315~ ~ ~ ~ ~The CP/M Microcomputer Operating System, 1974|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=36.623549, -121.923315}}
+{{#display_map:49.247806, -123.229566~ ~ ~ ~ ~University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada|height=250|zoom=10|static=yes|center=49.247806, -123.229566}}
+[[Category:Nuclear_and_plasma_sciences|{{PAGENAME}}]]
+[[Category:Particles|{{PAGENAME}}]]