Edit Proposal: Milestone-Proposal:RAMAN EFFECT

Thank you for proposing a technical achievement for possible recognition as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering and Computing. Your efforts help preserve the heritage of technology. Detailed information on the Milestone application process may be found at: Milestones:Milestone Guidelines and How to Propose a Milestone.

Is the achievement you are proposing more than 25 years old? None Yes No

Is the achievement you are proposing within IEEE’s fields of interest? (e.g. “the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences” – from the IEEE Constitution) None Yes No

Did the achievement provide a meaningful benefit for humanity? None Yes No

Was it of at least regional importance? None Yes No

Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to pay for the milestone plaque(s)? None Yes No

Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to arrange the dedication ceremony? None Yes No

Has the IEEE Section in which the milestone is located agreed to take responsibility for the plaque after it is dedicated? None Yes No

Has the owner of the site given permission to place an IEEE plaque? Yes No

Contact us at ieee-history@ieee.org if you are unable to answer "yes" to all of the above and would still like to proceed.

Year or range of years in which the achievement occurred:

Title of the proposed milestone. (Include date or date range in title. Example: “Alternating Current Electrification, 1886”)

Please provide a plaque citation in English summarizing the achievement and its significance. Text absolutely limited by plaque dimensions to 70 words; 60 is preferable for aesthetic reasons. NOTE: The IEEE History Committee shall have final determination on the wording of the citation. For more information and suggestions about writing milestone citations, please visit Milestones:Helpful Hints on Citations, Plaque Locations.

In what IEEE section(s) will the milestone plaque(s) reside?

Please specify the IEEE Organizational Unit(s) which have agreed to sponsor the Milestone, and supply name and contact information for the senior officer from those OU(s). Sponsorship has three aspects: 1) Payment for the cost of the plaque(s), 2) Arranging the dedication ceremony, and 3) agreeing to monitor the plaque and to let IEEE History Center staff know in case the plaque needs to be moved, is no longer secure, etc. Number 3 must be done by the IEEE Section(s) in which the plaque(s) is located, but aspects 1 and 2 can be done by any IEEE Organizational Unit, and they need not be the same one.

IEEE Organizational Unit(s) paying for milestone plaque(s)

Unit: Senior Officer Name: E-mail:

Unit: Senior Officer Name: E-mail:

IEEE Organizational Unit(s) arranging the dedication ceremony

Unit: Senior Officer Name: E-mail:

Unit: Senior Officer Name: E-mail:

Unit: Senior Officer Name: E-mail:

IEEE section(s) monitoring the plaque

IEEE Section: IEEE Section Chair name: IEEE Section Chair e-mail:

IEEE Section: IEEE Section Chair name: IEEE Section Chair e-mail:

Milestone proposer(s)

Proposer name: Proposer email:

Proposer name: Proposer email:

Street address(es) and GPS coordinates of the intended milestone plaque site(s).

INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE,CALCUTTA (NOW KOLKATA), INDIA

Intended site(s) of the milestone plaque(s). The intended site(s) must have a direct connection with the achievement (e.g. where developed, invented, tested, demonstrated, installed, or operated, etc.). A museum where a device or example of the technology is displayed, or the university where the inventor studied, are not—in themselves— sufficient connection for a milestone plaque. For more information on plaque locations and suggestions on how to select them, please visit Milestones:Helpful Hints on Citations, Plaque Locations.

INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCE RAJA SUBODH MULLICK ROAD KOLKATA 700032, INDIA

Are the original buildings extant?

No

Please provide the details of the mounting, i.e. on the outside of the building, in the ground floor entrance hall, on a plinth on the grounds, etc.

How is the intended plaque site protected/secured, and in what ways is it accessible to the public? If visitors to the plaque site will need to go through security, or make an appointment, please give details as well as the contact information visitors will need in order to arrange to visit the plaque.

It is a Government of India Research Organization, with proper protected campus.The plaque may be erected at the Main Gate, or at the Central lobby of the Building. Visitors are allowed inside for specific purposes with proper identity.

Who is the present owner of the site(s)?

INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SCIENCES

Please attach a letter in English, or with English translation, from the site owner(s) giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property.

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Please attach a letter or email from the appropriate Section Chair supporting the Milestone application.

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In the space below, please describe in detail:

• the historic significance of the achievement,
• its importance to the evolution of electrical and computer engineering and science,
• its importance to regional/national/international development,
• its benefits to humanity,
• the ways the achievement was a significant advance rather than an incremental

improvement of existing technology.

The material submitted here will constitute the main descriptive article on the GHN website for readers to learn about the milestone. Space is unlimited, and detail is encouraged. Most milestones require 1000 to 1500 words of support, however there is no word limit. The article should be readable by a wide audience that includes practicing engineers, scholars of history, and the general public. Some examples of the text of good milestone articles are Milestones:First Radio Astronomical Observations Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry and Milestones:International Standardization of G3 Facsimile (Do not worry about the formatting of the page, IEEE History Center Staff will do that afterwards.)

What is the historical significance of the work (its technological, scientific, or social importance)?

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman discovered in February 28, 1928, that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of light scattered was of a different colour, dependent on material property. This radiation effect of molecular scattering of light bears his name as ‘Raman Effect’, for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

What obstacles (technical, political, geographic) needed to be overcome?

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born at Trichinopoly in Southern India on November 7th, 1888. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics so that from the first he was immersed in an academic atmosphere. He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions. His earliest researches in optics and acoustics - the two fields of investigation to which he has dedicated his entire career - were carried out while he was a student. Since at that time a scientific career did not appear to present the best possibilities, Raman joined the Indian Finance Department in 1907; though the duties of his office took most of his time, Raman found opportunities for carrying on experimental research in the laboratory of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta (of which he became Honorary Secretary in 1919). In 1917 he was offered the newly endowed Palit Chair of Physics at Calcutta University, and decided to accept it. He served there for 15 years at Calcutta before he joined Indian Institute of Science Bangalore.

What features set this work apart from similar achievements?

Sir C. V. Raman was a remarkable personality in science. His sixty seven years of scientific life was filled to the brim of which twenty six years he worked at Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta - the golden era described by Professor Raman. During the period he not only did pioneering work in the different branches of Physics including the well-known scattering of light but also he was the founder of a school of Physics by attracting a band of devoted and brilliant workers from different parts of the country. Professor Raman was awarded the coveted Nobel Prize for the effect named after him [1-10] in 1930. Working at IACS he discovered that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of different colour. He then showed that the nature of the coloured scattered light was dependent on the type of the sample present. In his 1930 Nobel lecture [11] he remarked “… the character of the scattered radiation enable us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance….the new field of spectroscopy has unrestricted scope in the problems, relating to structure of matter. We may also hope that it will lead us to a further understanding of the nature of light and interaction between light and matter”. The Raman Effect is a major piece of evidence in favor of the quantum theory. The universality of phenomenon and the advent of laser have made Raman spectroscopy the basic tool in most branches of science and medicine. The Raman Effect is a fundamental nonlinear phenomenon of interest in engineering, nonlinear physics, and applied mathematics, and it may lead to important practical applications as well as to the progress of fundamental nonlinear science. The applications of Raman technologies may be mentioned; such as frequency conversion, the design and development of novel approaches, like the implementation of long distance quasi-lossless transmission schemes, fundamental aspects of nonlinear optics, the interaction of the Raman effect with parametric processes like Four-wave mixing, and how this can be controlled to increase the efficiency of supercontinuum radiation generation. The possibility of shifting energy from one frequency to another using the inherent properties of the material is a very attractive one, and in the field of optical communications it finds its most immediate application in the development of Raman amplifiers. References: 1) C. V. Raman, Molecular Diffraction of Light, University of Calcutta, 1922 2) C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, Nature, 121, (1928) 501-502 3) C. V. Raman, Nature, 121, (1928) 619 4) C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, Nature, 121, (1928) 711 5) C. V. Raman, Indian J. Phys. , 2, (1928) 387-398 6) A. S. Ganesan, Indian J. Phys., 4, (1929-30) 281-348 7) S. Bhagavantam, Indian J. Phys., 5, (1930) 236-307 8) C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, Indian J. Phys., 2, (1928) 399-419 9) C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., A 122, (1929) 23-35 10) K. W. F. Kohlrausch, Der Smekel-Raman Effekt, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, 1931 11) Nobel Lectures in Physics, 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company; New York, (1965), 263-277

Significant references (minimum of five, but as many as needed to support the milestone), such as patents, contemporary newspaper articles, journal articles, or citations to pages in scholarly books. At least one of the references must be from a scholarly book or journal article. The references should establish the dates, location, and importance of the achievement. The references must be to works in English, or — if not in English — must be accompanied by an English translation (see below).

Supporting materials (supported formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG, PDF, DOC) which can be made publicly available on the IEEE History Center’s website (i.e. unencumbered by copyright, or with the copyright holder’s permission). All supporting materials must be in English, or if not in English, accompanied by an English translation. Images and photographs are especially appreciated, however, it is necessary that you list the copyright owner for these and obtain the copyright owner’s permission to reuse.

Submit this proposal to the IEEE History Committee for review. Only check this when the proposal is finished

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